A Research Study On A Participant Observation Duncan ( 2004 )

Notwithstanding, there are challenges in autoethnographic study and these include: over reliance on personal writing style, lack of self-honesty, scholars’ failure to realise and link their personal experience to larger theoretical concepts; and researchers inability to defend against well-structured critiques whereas they still making claims to knowledge (Parks 1997). Also, Self-reflection serves as one of the major challenges in doing participant observation Duncan (2004). Autoethnographic investigation has not yet enjoyed the popularity, respect, and admiration of its ethnographic predecessors. With its use of self as a source of data, it has been criticized for being self-indulgent, introspective, and individualized (Holt 2003). 2.3 Ethnographic Background Ethnographic study started in the early 1900s with researchers like Malinowski exploring the natives of the Trobriand Islands off the coast of New Guinea in the 1920s where he engaged in participant observation of the natives (Duncan 2004). Participant observation requires that the researcher be the prime and direct instrument of data collection, and this inevitably involves the researcher’s self or subjectivity in the fieldwork (McNamee 2005). Some ethnographic researchers in sports used their own embodied sporting experiences to produce a range of thorough ethnographies or self-narratives regarding various sporting and physical activities (Sparkes 2000). 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